As electronic devices become more powerful and complex, their energy consumption rises. Enhancing the energy efficiency of components like processors, memory chips, and displays remains a challenge.

Many electronic devices, including smartphones, laptops, and wearables, rely on battery power. Current battery technology has a limited lifespan, resulting in frequent charging, causing in a need for more efficient energy storage solutions.

High-performance electronics produce heat that must be managed to prevent damage and maintain performance. Cooling methods, like fans, increase energy use. Finding efficient ways to manage heat without adding energy consumption is challenging, especially as devices get smaller.